Henry had an unexpected trump card in his hand with which to defeat Simnel. AS/A2. Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". The army of Henry VII suppressed the rebels. Symonds, a Yorkist, first decided to pass off Simnel as Richard of York, the younger of the two boys but then decided to pass him off as the Earl of Warwick. (58)Ferdinand wrote on 23rd August 1503: "It is well known in England that the Princess is still a virgin. Francis II, Duke of Brittany, offered them asylum but under Edward's diplomatic pressure, this turned into house arrest in a succession of castles and palaces. A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). (7). (1), As Alison Weir has pointed out: "Margaret Beaufort, was his (Henry Tudor) only link by the blood to the Plantagents, and she herself was descended from the bastards born to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward III, and his mistress Katherine Swynford. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Influenza Encyclopedia - University of Michigan - Rich collection of primary source documents, images, and narratives that detail the impact of the American influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 on 50 cities in the United States. However, the marriage was not guaranteed. Warbeck was now an awkward presence in Scotland, and James soon had him removed, sending him off in a ship to Ireland. Vaughan was captured and executed and the two men escaped to Tenby and took a ship, heading for France but landing in Brittany late in the month after a stormy voyage. He took Simnel to Ireland where there was still support for the Yorkist cause, and presented him to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Kildare. Lambert Simnel (c. 1477 - after 1534) was a pretender to the throne of England. Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents telling them how happy he was and assuring them he would be "a true and loving husband all of his days". And then a convenient figurehead appeared. It is claimed this raised 14,699. (40) As a high-born Castilian bride, Catherine remained veiled to both her husband and her father-in-law until after the marriage ceremony. He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." In the meantime Henry allowed Catherine 100 a month, and appointed one of his own surveyors to oversee the management of it. Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. She quotes from several different sources that indicate that they had a happy marriage. The proposed treaty included the agreement that Henry's eldest son, Arthur, should marry Catherine of Aragon in return for an undertaking by Henry to declare war on France. 1477-1534). Henry was miserly by nature, but he was also highly sensitive about the dubious validity of his claim to the throne, and therefore took much care to emphasise his majesty on as grand a scale as possible, thus setting a precedent for his Tudor successors. Whether she truly believed him as her nephew or considered him an imposter is unclear, but she publicly supported his cause. This led to the decision to claim that he was the younger son of King Edward IV. During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. Henry VII inherited a kingdom that was smaller than it had been for over 400 years. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. Henry would have been concerned by her size. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? The comments - sometimes remind one of those breeders discussing the mating of thoroughbred stock, and the comparison is indeed not so far off. (47). SIMNEL, LAMBERT (fl. Arthur was just fifteen, and Catherine nearly sixteen. Little is known of his early life, but before 1486 he caught the attention of an Oxford priest, Richard Simon or Symonds, who trained him to impersonate Richard, duke of York, younger son of Edward IV, who is now thought to have died, or been murdered . A compilation of primary source documents for American history sorted by year. (47)On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. Whether out of fond memory of the Irish administration of Richard, duke of York, resentment at Henry's restoration of the Butler earls of Ormond, or sheer opportunism, most of the Irish political community had recognized Simnel as king. (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." As Puebla explained to Henry: "Bearing in mind what happens every day to the kings of England, it is surprising that Ferdinand and Isabella should dare think of giving their daughter at all." But the existence of a rebellion under Simnel, as well as the much more dangerous Perkin Warbeck, shows how vulnerable Henrys first years on his throne were. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. The second largest city in England, Norwich, had 13,000 inhabitants; but Bristol and Newcastle were the only other towns with more than 10,000. (41), Arthur and Catherine married on 14th November 1501, at St Paul's Cathedral in London. Simnel was given a position in the kings kitchen as Henry recognised that he was not the cause of the invasion but a mere pawn in a very dangerous game. [12], The 2017 children's book The Player King, by Avi, offers a fictionalized first-person account of the key period of Simnel's life. She made no secret of her opposition to the usurping Tudors. The English also still controlled the port of Calais in northern France. Fraser goes on to argue that the Tudors believed that bearing children too young might damage their chances of having further children. They were quickly rounded up by the Sheriff of Kent and so Warbeck decided to return to Ireland. (Answer Commentary), Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Codes and Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Sir Thomas More: Saint or Sinner? Lambert Simnel was presented as the Earl of Warwick, Richard IIIs nephew. Richard therefore gave orders for Lord Stanley's son to be brought to the top of the hill. The royal army of 12,000 set up camp 10 miles (16km) away. Available at:https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, Perkin Warbeck. He was then borne in state to the Castle on the shoulders of tall men, that he might be seen by the enthusiastic populace. He was about ten years old in 1487, and was described as a handsome youth of intelligence and good manners. "On the morning of 16th June the rebels crossed the Trent upstream from Newark and positioned themselves on the hillside overlooking the road from Nottingham. Sir Thomas FitzGerald commanded the Irish contingent. (44). (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Poverty in Tudor England (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? Soon after, Simnel's party conducted him to England, where they were joined by a few desperate men of the Yorkist party. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Accept Read More, Princes in the Tower: A Mystery of Missing Royalty. (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. Congress, Civic Participation, and Primary Sources Projects. In 1492 King Charles VIII of France began funding his campaign. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. [2], Simon noticed a striking resemblance between Lambert and the sons of Edward IV, so he initially intended to present Simnel as Richard, Duke of York, son of King Edward IV, the younger of the vanished Princes in the Tower. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." (21). Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. Although out-numbered, Richard's superior position at the top of the hill enabled him to stop the rival forces breaking through at first. If Henry lost control of his senior nobility, his chance of remaining king was limited and at the very least the War of the Roses would restart. While on paper the challenge seemed absurd, it was one that Henry VII had to deal with especially when the Earl of Lincoln rallied to the cause and fled via Flanders to Ireland also in May 1487. Henry arrived the next day and took up a position facing Richard. It is not known when Lambert Simnel died. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. (60) It has been argued that it was Henry VII who was keeping his son away from Catherine: "Observers were indeed struck by how Prince Henry existed entirely under the thumb of his father, living in virtual seclusion; the King, either out of fear for his son's safety or from a testy habit of domination, arranged every detail of his life". A Net Inceptions project. In 1996, Blyth Power's album Out From Under the King included a song, Lambert Simnel. Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. Nothing is known of his upbringing." (1) He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. For there were undoubtedly other individuals with a superior dynastic claim - not only the girl he married, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, but other representatives of the house of York. At Dublin on 24 May, led by Gerald Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare, the lord deputy recently confirmed in office by Henry, they crowned him as Edward VI. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. The direct Plantagenet line was finished; though insecure until the end of the century, Henry consolidated his success Henry Tudor he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and he became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. This was headed by Dame Elizabeth Darcy. This was a turning point in his fortunes. "Exactly what part he played in the conspiracy, and in its betrayal to the king on 3 August, is hard to establish, but Henry and his council resolved to punish all the principal participants." According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. He argued that once the pretender to the throne was dead, his army would have no reason to go on fighting. Most definitely, he was of humble origin. History The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. She quotes from several different sources that indicate that they had a happy marriage. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." He later recalled he "conducted him clad in his night gown unto the Princess's bedchamber door often and sundry times." The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. In August 1485, Henry arrived in Wales with 2,000 of his supporters. Henry collected a large force, and the armies met on 16th June at Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where an engagement was fought. All rights reserved. (Answer Commentary), Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda (Answer Commentary), 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? But this turned out to be both a strength and a weakness. Swearing to marry Edward IV's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, Henry set sail for England in the summer of 1485. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured. Lambert Simnel : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. Primary sources are very important records which throw light on the age, life, culture, history, philosophy, society and the patterns of living It can be studied and read to gain important information about any age. At East Stoke, near Newark, on 16 June, Henry's archers decimated the unarmoured Irish levies, and after hard fighting his vanguard, again under Oxford, put the rebels to flight. The people of Cornwall objected to paying taxes for war against Scotland and began a march on London. They then moved to Ludlow Castle. Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Corrections? This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. (18), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. (4)var cid='1427959711';var pid='ca-pub-1708185697831973';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} And, should the young King Henry prove intractable, there were always more pliant contenders for the crown to be found. At the age of about ten, he was taken as a pupil by an Oxford-trained priest named Richard Simon (or Richard Symonds / Richard Simons / William Symonds) who apparently decided to become a kingmaker. Employed in the royal kitchens, the pretender made a modest career for himself, dying soon after 1534. Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. On 3rd September he entered the capital in triumph. (61), King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. why is reims pronounced rance, Reduced her allowance 41 ), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII 's son, Henry arrived the day. Years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics 1487, and Catherine nearly sixteen was into! 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