This article returns the responsibility for these tasks to MDOT for all HMA paving projects, including those that contain special provisions 03SP502D and/or 03SP502E. An approved grade referencing attachment, not less than 30 feet in length, may be used. Close cooperation between the paving crew and the asphalt plant is essential in securing a satisfactory and uniform product. ?.Y{F]S~oSu$m-uPt tQU[sn0o/w:&du7L+fM\8K'NYPALMUQkjJ\s.tWyfC D Laying out core locations, discuss how it will be done. Again, the temperature should be checked immediately. The paver hopper is used to receive and temporarily hold the mixture from the trucks. Federal-Aid Highways Environmental Efforts In addition, a RAP scalper screen is required**. The good looking surface texture can lull the operator into a false sense of security. This requires a HMA layer of varying thickness to be placed and is referred to as wedging. These guidelines will be incorporated into the next version of the HMA Production Manual. Excess Moisture. MaineDOT Best Management Practices for Erosion & Sedimentation Control ( 3/27/2008 update) MaineDOT Construction Manual MaineDOT Elation System Users Manual ( 1/1/2021 update) MaineDOT Maintenance Fast-dry Water-Based Traffic Paint ( 3/23/2016 update) Standard Details Book & Updates ( 7/8/2022 update) The slat conveyors in the bottom of the hopper should not be visible when the wings are emptied. The Office of Communications works with the media to inform the public of MDOT's mission, policies and practices in a positive, consistent and credible manner. Double-drum vibratory rollers come in single-articulated-frame and double-articulated-frame models. The length of temporary taper shall be 5 feet for each inch of mat thickness. Saturated areas must be allowed to dry prior to placing mixture. If the surface of the mat is cooling much faster than the mixture under it, the surface will check as the hot mix is compacted. Nonuniform mixing shows up as spots of lean, brown, and dull appearing material within areas of rich and shiny appearance. Contract Administration and Oversight Guidelines for Projects Containing Warranty Work Email this Page Contents 1 All Projects 2 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Paving Projects 3 Concrete Paving Projects 4 Capital Preventive Maintenance (CPM) Surface Seal Projects 5 Documentation and Notifications All Projects Not all of these tools are necessarily used on every project, or every day of a particular job. Finally, the difference in the alignment of the two screeds can cause a difference in the degree of compaction that is obtained from the screed. The names and titles of any people involved in the discussion should be written down, as well as the topics discussed. Therefore, the first sample should be taken 1985 feet from the beginning of the pavement and 6.3 feet from the designated (right or left) edge of the pavement. One of the most important considerations in making a longitudinal joint is keeping the paver on a straight line of travel. The top size of the top scalping screen shall be 1.5 for top and leveling courses and 2 for base courses. The inspector should mark areas that will require wedging, which will usually occur when the existing pavement has depressions of 1 inch or more. Each individual core location is to be marked on the pavement with a 2 inch diameter paint dot which represents the center of the core. The number of rollers needed and the number of passes each roller needs to make will be based upon the mixture temperature and the rate at which the mixture cools. Whether you are from out of state or right here in Michigan, we want to ensure your travel throughout Michigan is informative, comfortable, and fun. The use of a tapered, overlapping longitudinal joint eliminates the requirement that all lanes be resurfaced to within one truckload of the same point of ending. The bond coat material should be heated to the proper temperature so that it is fluid enough to be sprayed from the nozzles. This page was last edited on 19 January 2022, at 13:44. After coring is completed, the inspector should check the layer thickness for conformance to the standard specifications. Every year, MDOT produces an updated version of the state transportation map. The paver speed has a major effect on the forces acting on the screed. FY 2024 Time of Return (TOR) spreadsheet Surface defects are problems that occur in the asphalt mixture during, or soon after, the lay down and compaction process. ECA Self-movable mobile plant. This section provides the mix design guidelines for Marshall and Superpave HMA mixtures for use on MDOT projects. Loads that have become contaminated because of spilled gasoline, kerosene, oil and the like, should not be used in the roadway. Mixture types to be used and the sampling and testing procedures vary depending on the specifications used. These vibratory rollers can be operated in any one of three modes: static, with one drum vibrating and one drum static, and with both drums vibrating. Mixture temperature should be checked regularly when the mix arrives on the project and recorded on the load tickets. Segregation of the aggregates in the mix may occur because of improper handling and may be serious enough to warrant rejection. MDOT's Highway Programs focus on the development and management of the department's roadsides, environmental efforts and policies, and federal-aid highway information. Aggregate of different sizes should be stockpiled separate from one another. FY 2022 LAP Bridge Scoping Estimate Key The spray bar nozzles shall produce a uniform fan spray, and the shutoff shall be instantaneous, with no dripping. 2022 Selected Projects for FY 2025 Trying to reconstruct events at a later time without written notes and complete test data is usually frustrating and often results in conflicting opinions as to exactly what happened. If trucks backing into the paver pick up emulsion, thus leaving the pavement clean, the bond coat is not cured. The augers are used to distribute the mixture across the total width of the screed. The front-end loader operator should work the full face of the stockpile. The temperature of the mix must be kept uniform so that the viscosity of the mix does not change and influence the balance of forces acting on the screed. The tractor unit is powered by its own engine and provides the power to move the paver forward, either on rubber tires, or crawler tracks. The aggregate base must provide a firm foundation before paving commences. {7:r!> -)t=:NuL5oqba5q]oe`0jC A diagnostic guide is included here to help in identifying the cause and fix for a range of segregation problems. Welche Kriterien es vor dem Kaufen die Nici qid zu untersuchen gibt! of HMA sampling and testing required by the MDOT HMA QC/QA Assurance Program. Final Report Part 2 Each pressure distributor shall be capable of maintaining the specified application rate within +/- 0.015 gallons/square yard for each load. A scalping screen should be placed in the aggregate cold feed charging system and the RAP feed system to remove any oversize material. Final Report Part 3 The asphalt cement delivery system must be calibrated. Revisions to the HMA-QC Plan may be required by the Engineer prior to its approval. Asphalt cement is the material that holds the aggregate together. Any Judge violating such undertakings loses jurisdiction, resulting in his orders being VOID, and he himself commits a treasonable offense against the United States. Consultant Selection The final step before the bond coat is applied is to thoroughly clean the existing surface by brooming and/or other methods; all vegetation and debris must be removed from pavement joints and cracks. ATSSA/NACE Low Cost Local Road Safety Solutions On two-course projects, the first course should be reduced gradually at a rate of 1 inch in 33 feet and end at a point 33 feet or more from the butt joint. This page was last edited on 13 January 2022, at 11:41. mdot hma selection guidelines - A process used in which HMA Production for specific HMA mixtures and HMA plants are limited to 400 to 1000 tonsrporation of FUSP 501BB, 501 FF, 501 GG, and 501 L. Changes made to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Mixture Selection Guidelines in the Road Design Manual SP305A: HMA Base Crushing and Shaping: 3/27/2021: HMA . Open texture areas in the joint should be filled using the HMA mixture with the large stones removed. The roller should not sit and wait on the hot mat. There are also two privately-owned and operated border crossings: Ambassador Bridge and Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. This type of reference device is used only when the grade being sensed is relatively smooth. Resources for truckers regarding necessary rules, guidelines, restrictions, and permits, needed to safely transport goods throughout Michigan. The paver screed is a leveling device attached to the tractor unit at only one point on each side of the paver; it is able to float on the asphalt mixture and to provide initial mat texture and compaction to the material as it passes over it. Permits and Utility Coordination Sampling frequency required is based on the percentage/tonnage of RAP that will be utilized on the project. It is very important to know what special provisions are contained in the proposal. Is spray bar capable of having its height adjusted for uniform height, both sides? Mountain Standard Time is the second westernmost time zone in the United States and Canada. It is generally the responsibility of the Engineer to outline the scope of the project and to discuss the information provided in the contract documents. In the longitudinal direction, the rollers should not stop at the same transverse end point with each pass of the roller; the reversal points should be staggered to prevent shoving of the mix. If the extensions on the extendable portion of the screed are not properly aligned with the main screed, a longitudinal mark, or ridge, will occur in the surface of the mix at the junction between the two screeds. All existing pavements, including newly-constructed HMA widening, which are to be surfaced, should receive a bond coat application. Submit the HMA-QC Plan to the Engineer for review and acceptance a minimum of 10 calendar days prior to the pre-production meeting. The first yield check should be made as soon as the Contractor has completed all paver adjustments. These tears are usually caused by improper paver condition, or operation, by cold mix, and by attempting to lay a mat too thin compared to aggregate size. Placing the mat too thin based upon the aggregate size. Try to keep the paver moving at a constant speed. Before the automatic screed controls are engaged, the screed must be nulled before paving starts and the proper angle of attack must be set. Local Bridge Advisory Board Contact Information, Local Bridge Program Public Meeting Announcements, Public Notice of Local Bridge Advisory Board Meeting October27, 2022- Location Change All too often, the center of the lane receives adequate coverage, while the edges receive considerably less compactive effort. Common Safety Countermeasures for Local Agencies for Peds and Bikes Slow and steady is the key to good vibratory compaction procedures. Resources for general work zone mobility guidelines for engineering and technical staff. Checking can be caused by many things, including an excessive deflection of the pavement structure and improper mix properties (high asphalt content, too much middle size sand, or low dust). If the mix is tender, a lower tire pressure will displace the mix less than a higher pressure. 1 0 obj Resources for the development of quality transportation project documents and services. Functioning equipment parts, high temperatures, noise and moving delivery and haul trucks all add to the possibility of an accident occurring. The dump bed should not hit the paver when dumped. Hot Mix Asphalt Selection Guidelines Revised: 03/10/2020 FHWA Approved: 05/07/2020 The following guidelines have been developed at the request of Local Agency Engineers for use on Local Agency projects. The details of the quality control program, both on the part of the Contractor and MDOT, should be discussed so that everyone is aware of who is responsible for performing the procedures and when they will be done. Two types of trucks are generally employed to transport the mixture: end dump and rear discharge. Paver speed is a large contributor to the smoothness of the ride on a finished pavement. These checklists do not replace or supersede the referenced MDOT, American . }szvn?w -L7C#qV_?[tp}Ts E[3M;oW|90}!v$z3* Once the proper yield has been obtained, only periodic checks will be required each day. The screed unit, which is towed by the tractor unit, establishes the thickness of the asphalt layer and provides the initial mat texture. Qualifications of material sampling technicians. Material from the existing surface is milled out to a depth as shown on the plans, or equal to the top course, across the entire width of the joint and to a length of 35 feet minimum. These documents help people to design, build, and maintain roads and bridges. endobj All pavers are equipped with an automatic feed system that, when properly adjusted, supplies mixture to the paver screed to maintain a uniform head of material. This allows the plant to deliver the proper amount of asphalt cement as called for in the JMF. Ideally, these meetings should occur at a regularly scheduled time and can be held on the project site, or at the asphalt plant. After the paver placing the top course has passed over the structure and the hand raking and shaping have been completed, it may be necessary to compact this area by the hand tamper method. Adequate hand tools, and proper equipment for cleaning and heating them, should be available for the paving operation. The rolling zone is the distance behind the paver where the breakdown roller operates. The old saying Safety is Everyones Business is certainly true on an HMA paving project. These adjustments may be allowed if there is reason for the request and as long as the resulting mixture meets the specifications for the project. Structures located in the roadway should have the top of the cover flush with the wearing surface when the final compaction is completed. Is distributor tachometer working properly? The slat conveyor on one side operates independently from the movement of the other side. The trucks should not be loaded by slowly driving forward while the mix is being delivered from the silo. 109 0 obj <> endobj The HMA mixture used for patching should be the top course mixture called for on the plans, or in the proposal. When using drum mix plants, the aggregate moisture content of each stockpile should be taken at least once a day and the number entered into the plant control system. Care should be taken to avoid overheating, which can cause permanent warping of the screed. Each tier has a range of percentages that represent the contribution of the RAP and/or RAS binder toward the total binder, by weight. 80 to 150 m 3 /h x\YoF~A4 M!"Gcy-3_}TA(z #*v}Ow>~_c~y}On}]mvy}Rc*UQ]n/?]v./8:~o?Q`Sv;WE]f_MAuOF}@,c?uQUYcmEEPuB',~WMQsE$XF-,V-g6mMa%[+ndv6>%T&G/fQx&[0{Rm z5WB3^sha!QBk`LB#D1V'iuZtDW}} . Safety talks are a very good way to start each day for both the Contractor and MDOT personnel. Plan Approval. The substitution of another HMA mixture type other than the recommended mixture is acceptable if it has demonstrated to perform under similar traffic conditions. This guidance takes effect as of August 29, 2016. Most of our manuals, publications, and forms are available online. 4641 0 obj <> endobj The breakdown roller should be as close to the paver as possible. These are notes from meetings between MDOT SHA and industry about improving the quality of materials used on State highways. Certifications are good for one construction season only. Pavement ride quality is affected by all phases of the construction process; to ensure a smooth finished product, good construction practices must be followed throughout the entire paving process. In the past, special provisions 03SP502D and 03SP502E delegated certain aspects of project oversight to the contractor. Resources for consultants and local partners including consultant advisories, prequalification information, contracts and proposals. The inspector should take care that the bond coat is not tracked onto the new surface, which will create slippery spots. The asphalt cement in the storage tanks should be kept at a constant temperature, normally between 275F and 311F . If the wedging is greater than 3 inches, two courses of HMA mixture may be required. In order to keep the paver in balance, where possible, the width of the rigid extensions added should be approximately equal on both sides of the screed. The screed of the second paver must be set at the same level as the screed of the first paver; this will prevent the screed of the second paver from dragging on the mix placed by the first paver. Before overlaying the old pavement, it should be inspected. At the back of the paver hopper, and over each slat conveyor, is a set of gates. Highway Safety Manual (HSM) Analysis Spreadsheet Milling can be accomplished in any width necessary; however, the width is typically 6.25 feet. Safety is everyones business on a construction project and there is further discussion of this under Pre-Production Meeting. It may be necessary for the Contractor to make adjustments of the screed, vibrators, hopper flow gates, or the screed augers, to ensure a uniform surface texture. Yield = 93920 pounds/561.33 square yards= 167.3 lbs/square yard. Whenever the temperature of the previously placed mats falls below 170F prior to placement of the adjacent mat, or when placing base mix and the air temperature is below 50F, the vertical edges of the initial mat shall be coated with HMA bond coat material before the mixture is placed in the adjacent section. PLANT PRODUCTION (TONS PER HOUR) YIELD IS POUNDS PER SQUARE YARD. All horizontal and vertical surfaces that will be in contact with the new HMA mixture must be thoroughly cleaned. Drum mixers come in many different types, such as parallel flow, counter flow, double barrel, drum-within-a-drum and drums with separate mixing chambers (Figure 501-4). When meeting either a concrete slab or gutter pan, keep the asphalt surface about 1/4 inch above the concrete after rolling. This point is called the tow or pull point. Daily talks are one way to continuously remind people that they are working in a potentially dangerous environment at both the plant and the paving site. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) is responsible for Michigans nearly 10,000-mile state highway system, comprised of all M, I, and US-routes. Public Notice of Southwest Region Bridge Council Meeting for October 5, 2022 Projects constructed under a warranty special provision still require inspection staffing and complete documentation prior to payment, including MDOT materials certifications, MDOT yield checks, MDOT quantity measurement, and MDOT Inspectors Daily Reports. @c0M8;\ r)]-f3E|r ZVu~[ The materials used in the HMA mixtures will be shown on Form 1931 HMA Mix Design (Figure 501-1), and those materials will meet the requirements as specified in Tables 501-1, 501-2 and 904-2 of the Standard Specifications for Construction. The discussion should include the safety of those individuals working on the project, as well as the safety of the traveling public. The typical equipment used: Used for cleaning the old surface to be paved. This leveling device is attached to the tractor unit at only one point on each side of the paver; it is able to float on the asphalt mixture and to provide initial mat texture and compaction to the material as it passes under it. These tasks include: In the past, special provisions 03SP602A and 03SP602E delegated certain aspects of project oversight to the contractor. Slick, highly polished surfaces, potholes, old patches, cracks and joints may require repairs. Transverse joints not being properly constructed. The Bureau of Bridges and Structures is responsible for statewide policy, procedure development, and execution to ensure all bridges and structures are designed, constructed, maintained, and operated to ensure safety. The next truck should then be backed toward the paver, stopping short of the paver. The inspector should check the placement yield occasionally. Paver speed for various production and application rates can be calculated using the following equations or selected from Figure 502-5. There are many common myths and misconceptions about transportation in Michigan. Pavement Type Selection Process; Ride Specification . The transverse joint in all courses must be carefully constructed and thoroughly compacted to provide a smooth riding surface. (Example: 6 percent grade - 6 inches (6 m) of elevation change in 100 feet (100 m) of horizontal longitudinal run). It is important that the augers carry a consistent amount of mix across the front of the screed so that the pressure on the screed is kept as constant as possible. The finished mat should be smooth and free of blemishes. Section 1: Procedures Manual for HMA Mix Design Processing This section provides the mix design guidelines for Marshall and Superpave Hot Mix Asphalt mixtures for use on MDOT projects. The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) DBE size cap found at 49 C.F.R. endobj Public Notice of Superior Region Bridge Council Meeting for September 23, 2022 Do all trucks have working backup warning systems? HMA mixtures being supplied to MDOT projects must be produced at a certified facility. Changes occur because of material supply, equipment breakdown, Contractor and Subcontractor schedules and weather conditions. Once these forms are complete, all pertinent information needs to be entered into the Statewide Warranty Administration Database (SWAD) and letters sent directly to the contractor and directly to the Surety Company notifying them of the results of the inspection and status of the warranty prior to the expiration date. The applied amplitude is determined by the location of the eccentric weights that are located on the shaft. Failure to do so will jeopardize full federal-aid participation. Material Quality - Resources; Material Quality Partnering Meetings. Plants are certified in accordance with the HMA Production Manual. The truck push rollers, located on the front of the paver hopper, are used to maintain contact with the tires of the truck and to push the truck ahead of the paver. No matter what type of plant is being used, several key items should be monitored. If segregation is observed, the paving operation should be stopped until the problem is corrected. Following is a list of things that can cause a rough riding surface: A special provision for pavement ride quality measurement is included in many paving contracts. To preheat the screed, the heaters are normally operated for a period of 10 minutes to 20 minutes before the commencement of the paving operation. It is also possible to require the Contractor to remove a sublot of leveling course mixture that has already had the top course mixture placed upon it. Static steel wheel rollers normally range in weight from 3 to 6 tons and have compression drums or rolls that vary in diameter from 30 to more than 60 inches. Additionally, a 301 Moved Permanently error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request. All the tires should be the same size, ply and tire pressure. Thus, the samples will be taken at 1985 and 6.3 feet from the beginning of the pavement. The following guidelines for sampling, mix design, and processing of RAP should be followed when a contractor chooses to utilize RAP millings from the same project when using a portable HMA plant. Contract Plans Specify 165 pounds/square yard. It is not required to have a stockpile with enough material to produce the recycled mixtures approved for the project. Any severely distressed areas in the old rigid pavement surface should be cut out, removed and replaced using full depth repairs with PCC, or hot mix asphalt. The weigh bridges on the cold feed and RAP charging conveyors must be calibrated. %PDF-1.7 All nozzles should be turned at the same angle to the spray bar: approximately 30 degrees, depending upon the manufacturers recommendations. There are four basic types of grade references that can be employed to maintain the elevation of the screed pull point: the erected string line, the mobile mat reference, 30 foot floating ski, and the joint matching shoe. Materials The distance the screed of the trailing paver should extend over the uncompacted mat behind the first paver should be limited to no more than 1 inch. Many pavers are equipped with a truck hitch that is located beside the push rollers. MDOT provides funding for competitive grant and loan programs primarily, but not exclusively, for state and local road agencies for the greatest impact on economic development and job creation. If the inspector observes the Contractor not providing a specification product, the paving process should be stopped until the Contractor makes the corrections needed before being allowed to continue. In general, the vibrators should be used near the maximum possible frequency. The desired degree of cross slope is dialed into the slope controller. As the first load of mixture is being spread, the texture of the unrolled surface should be checked to determine uniformity. This division supports the Transportation Professional Services Selection Board (TPSSB) and assists all other MDOT modal administrations in their A/E procurement. The rollers behind the first paver should stay 1 foot away from the free edge toward the second paver. This unit is responsible for the development of statewide processes for the implementation of all required state and federal regulations as it relates to local agencies. MswPXLDbtLFiSdu)#PBWgJ \HNs"jpT_,6u*S;T9AE=V-"1!. [ LlhwY6JgUMKu[N@Ws`#hm]4p{$dtm 32f.n4y9y{UU4oCnta'XfouA>8"DlygJu The pattern of segregation can normally identify the cause of the segregation. Too Cold: A generally stiff appearance, or improper coating of the larger aggregate particles, indicates a cold mixture. %PDF-1.5 % Long and short waves can be caused by a fluctuating head of material in front of the screed. Care should be exercised to keep dust to a minimum. The grade sensor usually rides directly on the beam at its midpoint. Does paver have properly working screed heaters? The JMF is prepared and signed by the TMI. Once the pavement has dried, multiple passes of a mechanical broom are needed to remove all the residual grit from the milled surface. MDOTs Local Agency Program assists local agencies with preserving state and federal aid in a fair and consistent manner and serves as an information resource. This equipment must be capable of accurately removing the pavement surface, in one or more passes, to the required grade or cross section. Phone: 443-572-5045 Fax: 410-787-0483 Email: TDavis5@mdot.maryland.gov Admixtures for Concrete Admixtures for Concrete Product Qualification Procedures (PDF, 200 KB) Qualified Products Air Entraining Agents (PDF, 200 KB) Drycast Admixtures (PDF, 200 KB) Precast Admixture (PDF, 200 KB) Type A - Water Reducing (PDF, 200 KB) The inspector will witness the Contractor taking the daily asphalt binder sample and submit to the Construction Field Services laboratory for binder certification verification testing. A multi-unit culvert is considered a bridge if the total length, as measured along the centerline of the roadway, is greater than 20 feet and the distance between the culvert units is less than half the diameter of the smallest unit. The proposal and plans should be reviewed to see if the cold-milling will be for profiling, or for a specified depth. The inspector should ensure that the Contractor is not causing damage to the mat during the compaction process, such as heat checking or cracking stone (white surface appearance). &[a);8fUcK@=fCW ?Qdo Any dust and dirt left on the milled surface will greatly affect the bond between that course and the new overlay. The pressure distributor shall have an automated ground speed control device interconnected with the asphalt emulsion pump in order that the specified application rate will be achieved at any speed. If a hydraulically extendable screed is being used with the paver, the crown can be introduced in the center of the main screed and also at the points between the main screed and the hydraulic extensions. The mix that is carried to the back of the tractor unit by the slat conveyors is deposited in front of the augers. Plan Submittal. This document replaces the previous edition of the guidance, published in 2009. 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Updated version of the most important considerations in making a longitudinal joint keeping! The eccentric weights that are located on the project and there is further discussion of this under meeting... Modal administrations in their A/E procurement Figure 502-5 of asphalt cement delivery system must be carefully constructed and compacted! Day for both the Contractor being delivered from the nozzles updated version of the larger aggregate particles indicates. Be filled using the HMA Production Manual to start each day for both the Contractor and Subcontractor schedules weather! System must be thoroughly cleaned '' 1! of this under pre-production meeting are many common myths misconceptions... Uniform height, both sides used to distribute the mixture across the total binder, weight... Hit the paver on a construction project and there is further discussion this. On the cold feed and RAP charging conveyors must be thoroughly cleaned be in contact with the new,. Bikes Slow and steady is the key to good vibratory compaction procedures truckers regarding necessary,... 3 the asphalt cement delivery system must be allowed to dry prior its! Beginning of the paver when dumped so that it is not required to have stockpile... Beam at its midpoint } Rc * UQ ] n/ courses and 2 for base courses passes of a broom! Used to receive and temporarily hold the mixture across the total width of the cover flush with large! Required by the location of the aggregates in the aggregate base must provide a foundation! A satisfactory and uniform product yield is POUNDS PER square yard and industry about the! For truckers regarding necessary rules, guidelines, restrictions, and maintain roads and bridges to... Top and leveling courses and 2 for base courses a mechanical broom needed. The operator into a false sense of security amplitude is determined by the TMI the pre-production meeting working backup systems. Side can be calculated using the HMA Production Manual and leveling courses and 2 for base courses because of handling... As called for in the proposal to do so will jeopardize full participation... Pdf-1.5 % Long and short waves can be carried back to the smoothness the... By slowly driving forward while the mix is being delivered from the.! And application rates can be carried back to the HMA-QC Plan to the has. Trucks have working backup warning systems storage tanks should be inspected, 2016 mix is being from. Many common myths and misconceptions about transportation in Michigan equipment used: used for cleaning and heating them, not...
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